Software

software, is any set of machine-readable instructions (most often in the form of a computer program) that directs a computer's processor to perform specific operations. The term is used to contrast with computer hardware, the physical objects (processor and related devices) that carry out the instructions. Hardware and software require each other; neither has any value without the other.

Software sample

 

Internet

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve several billion users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW), the infrastructure to support email, and peer-to-peer networks.

Internet Globalization

Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Internet Protocol television (IPTV). Newspaper, book and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging and web feeds. The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Online shopping has boomed both for major retail outlets and smallartisans and traders. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries.

Internet Globalization

The origins of the Internet reach back to research commissioned by the United States government in the 1960s to build robust, fault-tolerant communication via computer networks. While this work together with work in the United Kingdom and France lead to important precursor networks, they were not the Internet. There is no consensus on the exact date when the modern Internet came into being, but sometime in the early to mid-1980s is considered reasonable.

Internet Globalization

The funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other commercial backbones, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. Though the Internet has been widely used by academia since the 1980s, the commercialization of what was by the 1990s an international network resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of June 2012, more than 2.4 billion people—over a third of the world's human population—have used the services of the Internet; approximately 100 times more people than were using it in 1995.^[1][2]

Internet Globalization

The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own policies. Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System, are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.

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Chatting

Online chat

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Online chat may refer to any kind of communication over the Internet that offers a real-time transmission of text messages from sender to receiver. Chat messages are generally short in order to enable other participants to respond quickly. Thereby, a feeling similar to a spoken conversation is created, which distinguishes chatting from other text-based online communication forms such as Internet forums and email. Online chat may address point-to-point communications as well as multicast communications from one sender to many receivers and voice and video chat, or may be a feature of a web conferencing service.

Online chat in a less stringent definition may be primarily any direct text-based or video-based (webcams), one-on-one chat or one-to-many group chat (formally also known as synchronous conferencing), using tools such as instant messengers, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), talkers and possibly MUDs. The expression online chat comes from the word chat which means "informal conversation". Online chat includes web-based applications that allow communication –often directly addressed, but anonymous between users in a multi-user environment. Web conferencing is a more specific online service, that is often sold as a service, hosted on a web server controlled by the vendor.

Online Chat Photo

History

The first online chat system was called Talkomatic, created by Doug Brown and David R. Woolley in 1974 on the PLATO System at the University of Illinois. It offered several channels, each of which could accommodate up to five people, with messages appearing on all users' screens character-by-character as they were typed. Talkomatic was very popular among PLATO users into the mid-1980s.

The first dedicated online chat service that was widely available to the public was the CompuServe CB Simulator in 1980,^[1][2] created by CompuServe executive Alexander "Sandy" Trevor inColumbus, Ohio. Ancestors include network chat software such as UNIX "talk" used in the 1970s.

Chatiquette

The term chatiquette (chat etiquette) is a variation of netiquette (Internet etiquette) and describes basic rules of online communication.^[3][4][5][6] To avoid misunderstandings and to simplify the communication between users in a chat these conventions or guidelines have been created. Chatiquette varies from community to community, generally describing basic courtesy; it introduces new user into the community and the associated network culture. As an example, it is considered rude to write only in upper case, because it appears as if the user is shouting.

The word chatiquette has been used in connection with various chat systems (e.g. Internet Relay Chat) since 1995.^[7][8]

Cultural Impact

Despite being virtual, chat can spill into the outside world.^[9] There can also be a strong sense of online identity leading to impression of subculture.^[10] Compare Internet sociology.

Chats are valuable sources of various types of information, the automatic processing of which is the object of chat/text mining technologies.^[11]Social Criticism

Criticism of online chatting and text messaging include concern that they replace proper English with shorthand or with an almost completely new hybrid language.^[12][13][14]

Writing is changing as it takes on some of the functions and features of speech. Internet chat rooms and rapid real-time teleconferencing allow users to interact with whoever happens to coexist incyberspace. These virtual interactions involve us in 'talking' more freely and more widely than ever before.^[15] With chatrooms replacing many face-to-face conversations it is necessary to be able to have quick conversation as if the person were present, so many people learn to type as quickly as they would normally speak. Critics^[who?] are wary that this casual form of speech is being used so much that it will slowly take over common grammar; however, such a change has yet to be seen.

With the increasing population of online chatrooms there has been a massive growth^[16] of new words created or slang words, many of them documented on the website Urban Dictionary. Sven Birkerts wrote:

"as new electronic modes of communication provoke similar anxieties amongst critics who express concern that young people are at risk, endangered by a rising tide of information over which the traditional controls of print media and the guardians of knowledge have no control on it".^[17]

This person is arguing that the youth of the world may have too much freedom with what they can do or say with the almost endless possibilities that the Internet gives them, and without proper controlling it could very easily get out of hand and change the norm of literacy of the world. In Guy Merchant's journal article Teenagers in Cyberspace: An Investigation of Language Use and Language Change in Internet Chatrooms; Merchant says

"that teenagers and young people are in the leading the movement of change as they take advantage of the possibilities of digital technology, drastically changing the face of literacy in a variety of media through their uses of mobile phone text messages, e-mails, web-pages and on-line chatrooms. This new literacy develops skills that may well be important to the labor market but are currently viewed with suspicion in the media and by educationalists.^[15]

Merchant also says "Younger people tend to be more adaptable than other sectors of society and, in general, quicker to adapt to new technology. To some extent they are the innovators, the forces of change in the new communication landscape."^[15] In this article he is saying that young people are merely adapting to what they were given.

Software and Protocols

The following are common chat programs and protocols:

·         Apple Messages ·         AOL Instant Messenger (AIM) ·         Camfrog ·         Campfire ·         Gadu-Gadu ·         Google Talk ·         I2P-Messenger (anonymous, end-to-end encrypted im for the I2P network) ·         ICQ (OSCAR) ·         Internet Relay Chat (IRC) ·         MUD ·         Paltalk

·         QQ ·         SILC ·         Skype ·         Talk ·         Talker ·         TeamSpeak (TS) ·         WhatsApp ·         Windows Live Messenger ·         XMPP ·         Yahoo! Messenger No longer available

Chat programs supporting multiple protocols:

·         Adium ·         Google+ Hangouts ·         IMVU ·         Kopete ·         IBM Sametime

·         Miranda IM ·         Pidgin ·         Quiet Internet Pager ·         Trillian ·         Windows Live Messenger

Web sites with browser-based chat services (also see web chat):

·         Cryptocat ·         Convore No longer available ·         eBuddy ·         Facebook ·         FilmOn ·         Gmail ·         Google+ ·         MeBeam ·         Meebo No longer available

·         Mibbit ·         Souguide ·         Tokbox No longer available ·         Tinychat ·         Trillian ·         Userplane ·         Woo Media No longer available ·         Wireclub ·         Zumbl

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